This proofofconcept study investigated phase ii biotransformation of 11 test substrates in fresh fullthickness human skin explants, a model containing all skin cell types. Fast metabolism diet phase 2 what i eat in a day glamorable. In phase 2, we cut those out completely and focus on lean proteins and alkalizing vegetables that will build muscle and stimulate your liver. Results show that skin explants have significant capacity. This is called conjugation and the product is called a conjugate. Therefore, amcbal culturing makes the heparg cells more suitable for testing metabolism and toxicity of drugs. Drug metabolism is an immense area of study where drugs undergo a range of enzymemediated chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, conjugation, and migration.
Ugt enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of many xenobiotics e. Types of phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism associated enzymes and cofactors learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Often these reactions involve the introduction of polar functional groups such as oh to drug molecules to make them more hydrophilic. Concluding, culturing heparg cells in the amcbal yields substantial phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism, while maintaining high viability, rendering dmso addition superfluous for the promotion of drug metabolism.
Phase i reactions phase i reactions also termed nonsynthetic reactions may occur by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, cyclization, and decyclization addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen, carried out by mixed function oxidases, often in the liver. I grabbed a notepad and started taking notes, which developed into the cheat sheets im sharing with you all today. The phase 2 of the fast metabolism diet, which is also called the protein phase, is on wednesday and thursday. The terms in the table below are a collection of items from the lectures that you should be able to define and relate in a sentence or two to drug metabolism as set out in the notes. Learn 1 phase 2 metabolism with free interactive flashcards. Phase i reactions convert the parent drug into more polar metabolites through introduction or exposing oh, sh, or nh2 functional groups. Petra jancovaa, pavel anzenbacherb eva anzenbacherova. Phase 2 of the fast metabolism diet is powerful stuff. Food items optimally matched to an individual person to harmonize the metabolism and to. Choose from 500 different sets of 1 phase 2 metabolism flashcards on quizlet. Caira university of cape town, south africa edited by drug metabolism current concepts corina ionescu i. Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. Metabolism is an essential pharmacokinetic process, which renders lipid soluble and nonpolar compounds to water soluble and.
Phase i reactions include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis that are catalyzed by several enzymes including cytochrome p450. Product areas highlighted include our portfolio of reagents for drug transport, phase i metabolism, and drug conjugate analysis. The liver is the principal, but not the sole, site of most drug metabolism in the body. K arthik kumar, 09bu1r0010, mlr institute of pharmacy. Top fast metabolism diet phase 2 recipes and other great tasting recipes with a healthy slant from sparkrecipes. In this phase an existing functional group already presents in the drug molecule or created by phase i metabolism such as alcohol, phenol, amine is masked or inactivated by a process of. These reactions include hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation. Enjoy the fatblasting baked egg casserole recipe to target and unlock fatstorage in your body. Drug metabolism can be divided into the phase i reactions functionalisation and the phase ii reactions conjugation.
Lean proteins provide the ingredients for creating amino acids in the body. Metabolism is an essential pharmacokinetic process, which renders lipid soluble and nonpolar compounds to water soluble and polar compounds so that. Pdf phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid. Jan 09, 2015 when did my first read through of diane kresss metabolism miracle, i found it hard to keep all the details on the dos and donts of step 1 straight. Cellular metabolism part 2 energy as it relates to biology enzymes metabolism catabolism atp production glycolysis and the tca cycle anabolism synthetic pathways protein synthesis developed by john gallagher, ms, dvm. Nst110, toxicology department of nutritional sciences and toxicology university of california, berkeley. Phase i reactions involve hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation, exposing or introducing a functional group oh, nh 2, sh or cooh to slightly increase hydrophilicity. You could do it the easy way and eat half a chicken breast, or boil a dozen of eggs in advance, then peel them and remove the yolks, and eat the whites as a snack with a dash of salt. Phase i biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound. If you are searching for recipes you can eat in this part of the fast metabolism diet, here is a dish perfect for your lunch. Reduced metabolising capacity of phase ii enzymes can lead to toxic effects of clinically used drugs. Concepts and theoretical calculations of oral bioavailability bioavailability f is the extent to which an active moiety is absorbed from a pharmaceutical.
A day in phase 2 we are now preparing your phase 2 menu. The buildingup aspects of metabolism are known as anabolic and the breakingdown as catabolic. Dissecting the reaction of phase ii metabolites of. In phase 1, we were targeting your adrenals with carbohydraterich foods, and fruits high in natural sugar. Technology phase i and phase ii reactions of drug metabolism. However, they do destabilize and unmask or expose a functional group.
The enzymes of phase i metabolism, most notably the cytochrome p450 enzymes, only slightly increase water solubility of the drug molecule and does not always increase it enough to facilitate elimination. In the intestine for example, several drug metabolising enzymes are presumed to decrease the bioavailability of orally administered drugs or to activate environmental carcinogens. Introduction to phase i and ii metabolisms phase i. During these days, you are not allowed to have any fruit, grains of any kind, and no added fat such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. Although skin is the largest organ of the human body, cutaneous drug metabolism is often overlooked, and existing experimental models are insufficiently validated. The proteins and vegetables included on the fast metabolism diet phase 2 food list are there for a good reason.
When did my first read through of diane kresss metabolism miracle, i found it hard to keep all the details on the dos and donts of step 1 straight. Oct 23, 20 reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis, conjugation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfaction, mnemonics. The duration and intensity of drug action depend not only on the dose of the drug but also on the rates at which drugs are transformed to products that can be excreted readily by the kidney. The medicine must remain active in the body only for a certain period of time. Phase i and phase ii reactions of drug authorstream.
The metabolites of phase i metabolic reactions can either be directly excreted in the urine or undergo further metabolic reactions. The enzymecatalyzed reactions of phase i metabolism bind oxygen, hydrogen, water, or amino acids to the lipophilic drug molecule to expose or introduce a hydroxyl oh, amino nh 2, sulfhydryl sh, or carboxyl cooh polar functional group, and thus, result in a modest increase in the parent drugs water solubility. The term metabolism is commonly used probably because products of drug transformation are called metabolites. If it stays longer then it can start acting in other unnecessary places in the body giving rise to. Toss it in the oven on the morning of your first phase 2 day on the fast metabolism diet. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Phase ii of metabolism may or may not be preceded by phase i reactions. Phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid production of heparg cells in a bioartificial liver in absence of dimethyl sulfoxide.
Metabolites formed in phase 2 are unlikely to be pharmacologically active. Although phase i drug metabolism occurs in most tissues, the primary and first pass site of metabolism occurs during hepatic circulation. See more ideas about fast metabolism diet, fast metabolism and diet recipes. Metabolism or biotransformation the conversion from one chemical form of a substance to another. Phase ii enzymes undoubtedly play an important role in the detoxification of various xenobiotics. Phase 2 fast metabolism dietthis one is a real winner a baked egg casserole that goes together fast. The products of these chemical reactions are called metabolites. Metabolism simply means conversion of a compound drug from one form into another by enzymes in the body. If it stays longer then it can start acting in other unnecessary places in the body giving rise to what we commonly refer to as sideeffects.
Drug metabolism part1 objectives to understand the following basic principles with regard to drug metabolism. Phase ii drug metabolizing enzymes play an important role in biotransformation of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics to more easily excretable forms as well as in the metabolic inactivation of pharmacologically active compounds. Pdf on feb 1, 2005, p david josephy and others published phase i and phase ii drug metabolism. Phase i biotransformations include oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions. With respect to metabolism of xenobiotics, it is not just metabolism to electrophilic species or socalled phase i metabolism resulting in toxicity, but also detoxification genes or socalled phase ii metabolism that can be expected to yield important modulating polymorphisms. Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug by the body. Homework 1 drug metabolism 20 university of washington. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion adme. An important point to note is that some drugs dont undergo phase i metabolic reaction but instead are directly deactivated by phase ii reactions. Essentially these processes are concerned with the. In humans, approximately 4070% of all clinical drugs are subjected to glucuronidation reactions metabolized by ugts 3.
Topics on drug metabolism 2 bioavailability humans. Phase i and phase ii biotransformation reactions catalyzed by xenobiotic biotransforming enzymes are generally divided into two groups. The cytochrome p450 enzyme system is particularly important because many different drugs also can induce or inhibit these enzymes, resulting in changing. Look at the example of a conjugation reaction in the phase 2 metabolism of aspirin. View the rest of my pharmacology videos in order below. Drug metabolism is an immense area of study where drugs undergo a range of enzymemediated chemical reactions, such as oxidation. Metabolism definition of metabolism by medical dictionary.
Phase i metabolism definition of phase i metabolism by. Prebiotics and probiotics the next issue of biofiles will explore the functionality of prebiotics and. This issue of biofiles features selected products from sigmaaldrich s drug metabolism platform. Benzodiazepines are one of the most commonly prescribed medications to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions in the united states. The taco tuesday are never going to be the same with these recipe. Snacks are an important part of fast metabolism diet, but phase 2 snacks were incredibly difficult to find. Phase 1 andor phase 2 some drugs undergo either phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism, but most undergo phase 1. Phase ii metabolism conjugation of drugs and other xenobiotics with a range of different molecules including glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acids, acetyl groups, methyl groups and glutathione properties of the enzyme families catalyzing these conjugation reactions. The reactions are catalysed by enzymes and happen mostly in.